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How did the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories challenge religion, politics and cultureof the people during those years?The universe, which included the Sun, Moon, planets, and other celestial bodies,was once thought to not revolve or stretch in any specific direction. Although thischanged when opposing beliefs about why the planets moved across the sky emergedamong ancient Greek philosophers, whose ideas affected the worldview leading up tothe Scientific Revolution in the sixteenth century. The planets were thought to orbit theSun, while others believed that the universe was a set of nested spheres surroundingthe Earth. The solar system was then divided into Ptolemaic and Copernican theories.Ptolemy gave the idea that Earth was the center of the universe called the Ptolemysystem, but by letting that assumption go, Copernicus came up with a much simplermodel wherein the Sun was the center of the solar system known as the heliocentricmodel. These theories challenged and greatly influenced the religion, politics, andculture of the people back then.Copernicus' heliocentric theory was divisive, but it was the beginning of a shift inhow the world was regarded. Copernicus' idea was largely rejected for many decades,not just by other astronomers but also by other religious institutions. Fear of hereticspropagating beliefs and opinions that contradicted the Bible dominated the CatholicChurch for the majority of the 16th and 17th centuries. They persecuted scientists whodeveloped theories that the Church deemed heretical, and they prohibited people fromreading books on those topics. There was a battle raging between science and religion,but science would suffer more casualties. Both scientists, Nicholas Copernicus andGalileo Galilei believed that the Earth revolved around the Sun, a belief that is nowproven to be true. But then the Church rejected this view since the Holy Scripturesindicate that the Earth, not the Sun, is at the center. This was seen as a devaluation ofmankind, and it went against Aristotle's teachings, who also believed in the geocentricparadigm. Because the Bible's contents were regarded literally, the publication of theseworks showed to the Church that Copernicus and Galileo were heretics; theyproclaimed that the Bible was erroneous through their writings. In contrast, ClaudiusPtolemy has been known for his works that enable astronomers to accurately predictthe planetary positions, solar, and lunar eclipses. Ptolemy accepted Aristotle's ideas thatthe Sun and the planets are revolving around a spherical Earth, a geocentric view.Furthermore, he said that based on his observation, Ptolemy saw the Universe as a setof nested, transparent spheres, with Earth as the center. Most of the Muslim scholarsaccepted Ptolemy's astronomy. The Church also accepted and agreed with Ptolemy dueto the reason that his theory did not contradict the biblical texts of Genesis. The Churchrespected his theory to be true and must be shared with others. Besides that, at thetime, the Church dominated scientific thought, and anyone who did not believe in ageocentric universe was condemned and persecuted.
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